新概念语法解析:同位语

　　一、什么是同位语？

　　当一个名词(或其它形式)用来限定或说明另一个名词或代词时，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。

　　同位语与被它修饰的词在格式上要保持一致，而且同位语一般都是紧跟所修饰的词语的。

　　同位语与所修饰的词语关系紧密时，不用逗号隔开;同位语对其所修饰的词语只作补充解释时，可用逗号隔开。如：

　　1) My sister Mary will visit me tomorrow morning.

　　2) Last Saturday, I met my old friend, James Brown.

　　第1)句中的Mary就是my sister的同位语，第2)句中的James Brown就是my old friend的同位语，指的都是同一个人。

　　二、同位语的分类

　　(一)名词或名词短语作同位语

　　Jack, the mayor, will attend the meeting next Friday.

　　句中的the mayor作Jack的同位语。

　　Jerry, our beloved pet dog, has lived with us for eight years.

　　句中的our beloved pet dog作Jerry的同位语。

　　(二)直接引语作同位语

　　Now let's get down to the girl's question, "Who will take over the job?"

　　句中引号的直接引语就作为question的同位语。

　　(三)句子作同位语

　　I don't believe the fact that she is a spy.

　　句中的she is a spy作the fact的同位语。

　　三、何谓“同位语从句”?

　　当一个句子用来充当某个名词或代词的同位语时，这个句子就是该名词或代词的同位语从句。

　　同位语从句主要用来对其前面的抽象名词进行解释说明，被解释说明的词和同位语在逻辑上是主表关系。如：

　　The idea that we will visit Paris next week excites every one of us.

　　句中的同位语从句we will visit Paris next week与the idea之间就是主表关系，即同位语从句和它所修饰的成分之间其实可以用系动词连接起来。如：

　　The idea is that we will visit Paris next week.

　　四、同位语从句的引导词

　　引导同位语从句的词语通常有连词that、whether、连接代词和连接副词等。

　　(一)that引导的同位语从句

　　They are very excited to hear the news that they have won the game.

　　The fact that he stole the money yesterday shocks us all.

　　【注意】

　　1、当同位语从句所修饰的名词为表建议、命令、要求等的时，同位语从句的谓语动词呀采用“should+do”的虚拟语气形式。其中，should可以省略。如

　　They were faced with the demand that this tax (should) be abolished.

　　They expressed the wish that he (should) leave the country as soon as possible.

　　2、引导同位语从句的连词that通常不省略，但在非正式文体中也可以省去。 如：

　　He picked up his luggage and gave the impression he was boarding the waiting train.

　　句中的impression后面就省略了that。

　　(二)whether引导的同位语从句

　　当whether用来引导同位语从句时，其所修饰的名词往往是表问题或疑惑的名词。如：

　　There is some doubt whether he will come.

　　The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result.

　　注意：if不能引导同位语从句。

　　(三)连接代词引导的同位语从句

　　常用来引导同位语从句的连接代词有what、who、whom、whose、which等。如：

　　I'm wondering the puzzle who has taken away my umbrella.

　　He has no idea what time he should leave tomorrow.

　　(四)连接副词引导的同位语从句

　　常用来引导同位语从句的连接副词有when、where、why、how及其-ever结构。如：

　　She has no idea when the plane will arrive.

　　It is a question how he managed to solve the mystery.

　　He had no idea why she had left without saying goodbye to anyone.

　　五、同位语从句的分隔

　　有时同位语从句会与其所修饰的名词分开。 如：

　　The story goes that she has won the race many times.

　　The rumour spread that a new governor would be appointed here.

　　Report has it that many citizens died in the earthquake last night.

　　The order soon came that all soldiers (should) retreat under no circumstances.

　　由以上例句可以看出，当同位语从句与其所修饰的名词分开时，往往是因为这个名词是主句的主语，其后紧跟的是主句的谓语动词。

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