2017年10月28日

　　综合：

　　动物玩耍的原因

　　Reading

　　1. surplus energy theory，animals play是为了get rid of多余能量。

　　2. instinct-practice theory，animals play是为了physical education。

　　3. social theory，animals play是为了establish relationships within their group。

　　Listening

　　1. 海洋动物不为了消耗能量也有play。海洋动物如seal，经常要等待妈妈find food，一等可能就是一天，他们没有能量补充，更没有surplus energy，但是seal仍然play。

　　2. cats。对照实验，两组young cats，第一组让玩，第二组不让玩。按照阅读中instinct-practice theory原理，应该是第一组的猫长大以后become a skillful hunter，但是其实不是这样。两组猫没有区别。

　　3. 游戏并不一定是社交能力的决定因素，rats只在年幼阶段游戏，而到了成年期这种行为会消失，但是它们社交能力在成年期依然得到发展。

　　独立：

　　Many filmmakers make movies based on books. some people prefer to read the book before they watch the movie, while other people prefer to watch the movie before they read the book. which one do you prefer?

　　范文：

　　Reading books and watching movies are two most common entertainments. Nowadays, more and more popular books are adapted to movies by filmmakers. In the coexistence of books and films, some people prefer to read the book before watching the movie. Others are willing to read the book after they have watched the movie. From my opinion, I will choose the latter option.

　　First and foremost, watching movies is easier for people to be understood and it is more vivid. Movies present story from various aspects, such as visually and acoustically. People can feel characters’ emotions from actors’ performances, their facial expressions and even background music. With the advancement of cinematography, filmmakers invented 3D (three dimensional), 4D and even 5D movies. This provides fully immersive, totally convincing virtual reality for people and further enhances the experiences of the stories. In contrast, books just use numerous words to express the plots and feelings without any images and sounds. It might be very abstract for people who cannot understand the true intentions of the author. If readers cannot understand the contents very well, they will not comprehend the ideas that writers intend to convey. Compared to long-windedness in books, it is audio-visual experiences from movies that engage people interests, leaving them a more profound impression about what happened. So, watching movies first is better.

　　Furthermore, watching movies is more efficient and will arouse people’s interests to read the book. As we all know, it takes people about two hours to watch a movie, whereas, people have to spend a few weeks or even months to finish reading a whole book. From the perspective of time, watching movies is time-saving. Besides, after watching a movie, people can get a general picture about the corresponding book. If people are attracted by the movie, they will read the book, while they can choose to give up the book if they are not interested in the movie. It is undeniable that some plots would be adapted and even be abridged when they are performed in the movie. But, in this way, our imagination can be fully stimulated and this people will be intrigued with what talk about in the book. Then, after watching the movie, people will full of curiosities to explore the contents in the book. In fact, some books are rarely known by people, but after making movies based on these books, these books become increasingly best-selling. Therefore, I prefer to watch movies before reading books.

　　In general, although the plots in the book are more coherent and accurate, the slight adaptations in the movie do not affect the understanding of the theme of entire the story. I still hold the opinion that watching the movie before people read the book is better because the watching movies is more vivid and efficient. (467 words)

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