Passage 69

　　Historian Colin Calloway argues that in the late colonial period preceding the American Revolution (1775-1783), the British government sought to seal off territory west of the Appalachian Mountain from the encroachment of land-hungry White settlers, to negotiate with Native American peoples as independent foreign states, and to guarantee the integrity of traditional native American hunting grounds. By contrast, White Americans, released by the out break of the Revolution from the constraints of Britain’s allegedly benevolent policies, are portrayed by Calloway as ruthless land-grabbers whose new national government endorsed their rapacity. Bernard Bailyn argues, however, that the “Americans” who encroached on Native American land during the Revolution had been British only a few years before. When, during and after the Revolution, White Americans seized Native American land by any available means, they were continuing a tradition dating back to the earliest years of English settlement in North America. And, according to Bailyn, the British government’s prewar efforts to preserve the trans-Appalachian west for Native Americans resulted not from humanitarian virtue or ethnic tolerance but from British Merchants’ desire to maintain their lucrative trade with native Americans and the government’ s desire to control immigration and avoid costly conflict between White and Native Americans over land.

　　1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

　　A. suggest that two different arguments about a particular historical period are both questionable

　　B. present historical evidence that undermines a widely accepted viewpoints

　　C. defend a revisionist historian’s thesis against traditionalist criticism

　　D. outline opposing interpretations of a particular historical phenomenon

　　E. resolve a dispute among historians over a controversial historical episode

　　2. The reference to “the earliest years of English settlement in North America” serves primarily to emphasize the point that

　　A. Calloway has exaggerated the ruthlessness and rapacity of White settlers in their relations with native Americans prior to the American Revolution.

　　B. Seizure of Native American lands by White settlers had increased dramatically throughout the time of British Colonial rule.

　　C. At one time White settlers had negotiated with Native American people as independent foreign states.

　　D. White settlers had no legitimate ground for claiming title to land they seized west of the Appalachian Mountains.

　　E. Aggression by White settlers against Native Americans during and after the American Revolution was not a new phenomenon.

　　3. It can be inferred that both Bailyn and Calloway would probably agree with which of the following assertions regarding the relations between White Americans and Native Americans concerning the trans-Appalachian west

　　A. The American Revolution unleashed an unprecedented wave of expropriation of Native American land by White settlers.

　　B. The British government’s prewar policy towards the Native Americans was determined largely by the interests of British merchants who traded with the Native Americans.

　　C. The British government tried to keep White settlers out of the trans-Appalachian west primarily in order to prevent disputes over land between those settlers and Native Americans.

　　D. The new national colonial government to negotiate with Native American peoples as independent foreign states.

　　E. One objective of the British government’s land policy prior to the American revolution was to prevent White settlers from moving to the western side of the Appalachian Mountains.