2017年7月9日GRE阅读部分

　　Passage 3

　　A decrease in face-to-face social contact can precipitate depression. Time spent using the Internet cannot be spent in face-to-face social contact, so psychologists have speculated that sharply increasing Internet use can cause depression. Studies of regular Internet users have found a significantly higher incidence of depression among those who had recently doubled the amount of time they spent using the Internet than among those whose use had not increased. Hence, the psychologists’ speculation is correct.

　　Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

　　A. In general, the reason that the people in the studies had doubled their Internet use was not that they had earlier experienced a significant decrease in opportunities for face-to-face social contact.

　　B. A sharp decrease in face-to-face social contact is the only change in daily activity that can lead to an increased incidence of depression.

　　C. Using the Internet presents no opportunities for people to increase the amount of face-to-face social contact they experienced in their daily lives.

　　D. Regular Internet users who are depressed will experience an immediate improvement in mood if they sharply decrease the amount of time they spend on the Internet.

　　E. Before they doubled the time they spent on the Internet, the people who did so were already more prone to depression than are regular Internet users in general.

　　Passage 9

　　An Irish newspaper editorial encouraging women to participate in the non-importation movement launched in Ireland in 1779 appears consistent with a perception that the political use of the consumer boycott originated in North America and spread eastwards across the Atlantic to Ireland. This is a view that most historians have concurred with. For example, T.H. Breen argued that the consumer boycott was a brilliantly original American invention. Breen did acknowledge that a few isolated boycotts may have taken place in other countries. However, Mary ODowd argues that from the late seventeenth century, Irish political discourse advocated for the nonconsumption of imported goods and support for home manufactures by women in ways that were strikingly similar to those used later in North America.

　　1. The passage is primarily concerned with

　　A. resolving a dispute

　　B. advocating a course of action

　　C. tracing the evolution of a practice

　　D. citing competing views of an issue

　　E. chronicling a series of events

　　2. In the context of the passage, the highlighted sentence serves to

　　A. qualify a point made in the preceding sentence

　　B. correct an erroneous assumption

　　C. provide evidence in support of a perception cited in the opening sentence

　　D. provide a rationale for the view expressed in the following sentence

　　E. establish the popularity of a point of view

　　Passage 69

　　Historian Colin Calloway argues that in the late colonial period preceding the American Revolution (1775-1783), the British government sought to seal off territory west of the Appalachian Mountain from the encroachment of land-hungry White settlers, to negotiate with Native American peoples as independent foreign states, and to guarantee the integrity of traditional native American hunting grounds. By contrast, White Americans, released by the out break of the Revolution from the constraints of Britain’s allegedly benevolent policies, are portrayed by Calloway as ruthless land-grabbers whose new national government endorsed their rapacity. Bernard Bailyn argues, however, that the “Americans” who encroached on Native American land during the Revolution had been British only a few years before. When, during and after the Revolution, White Americans seized Native American land by any available means, they were continuing a tradition dating back to the earliest years of English settlement in North America. And, according to Bailyn, the British government’s prewar efforts to preserve the trans-Appalachian west for Native Americans resulted not from humanitarian virtue or ethnic tolerance but from British Merchants’ desire to maintain their lucrative trade with native Americans and the government’ s desire to control immigration and avoid costly conflict between White and Native Americans over land.

　　1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

　　A. suggest that two different arguments about a particular historical period are both questionable

　　B. present historical evidence that undermines a widely accepted viewpoints

　　C. defend a revisionist historian’s thesis against traditionalist criticism

　　D. outline opposing interpretations of a particular historical phenomenon

　　E. resolve a dispute among historians over a controversial historical episode

　　2. The reference to “the earliest years of English settlement in North America” serves primarily to emphasize the point that

　　A. Calloway has exaggerated the ruthlessness and rapacity of White settlers in their relations with native Americans prior to the American Revolution.

　　B. Seizure of Native American lands by White settlers had increased dramatically throughout the time of British Colonial rule.

　　C. At one time White settlers had negotiated with Native American people as independent foreign states.

　　D. White settlers had no legitimate ground for claiming title to land they seized west of the Appalachian Mountains.

　　E. Aggression by White settlers against Native Americans during and after the American Revolution was not a new phenomenon.

　　3. It can be inferred that both Bailyn and Calloway would probably agree with which of the following assertions regarding the relations between White Americans and Native Americans concerning the trans-Appalachian west

　　A. The American Revolution unleashed an unprecedented wave of expropriation of Native American land by White settlers.

　　B. The British government’s prewar policy towards the Native Americans was determined largely by the interests of British merchants who traded with the Native Americans.

　　C. The British government tried to keep White settlers out of the trans-Appalachian west primarily in order to prevent disputes over land between those settlers and Native Americans.

　　D. The new national colonial government to negotiate with Native American peoples as independent foreign states.

　　E. One objective of the British government’s land policy prior to the American revolution was to prevent White settlers from moving to the western side of the Appalachian Mountains.

　　Passage 87

　　What accounts for the low-lying, flat surface of Mars’s north? On Earth’s surface, higher- and lower-lying areas have different types of crust: one, thin and dense, is pulled toward Earth’s center more strongly by gravity, and the planet’s water naturally comes to sit over it, creating oceans. The processes that generate this oceanic crust drive plate tectonics.

　　Is Mars’s north similarly characterized by a sort of crust different from other areas of the planet? Some researchers do see signs of tectonic activity surrounding the northern basin that suggest that it was created through the formation of new crust, like ocean basins on Earth. However, McGill points to Northern bedrock structures that predate the features said to mark the start of the tectonic process. McGill instead believes that through some novel mechanism the ancient surface sank to its current depth as a single unit. This would explain why features around the basin’s edge, which would have formed as the surface dropped, seem to be younger than structures at its floor.

　　The third possibility is that the northern lowlands result from impacts. Some researchers suggest they formed as a series of big overlapping impact craters. Others arguing that the odds against such a pattern of impacts are large, postulate a single event-the impact of an object bigger than any asteroid the solar system now contains.

　　1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

　　A. explore an analogy between aspects of the geology of Mars and the geology of Earth

　　B. describe how a certain feature of Mars’s surface formed

　　C. point out the effect that new data has had on a scientific investigation

　　D. summarize potential explanations of a large-scale geological feature

　　E. present the rationale for a scientist’s theory and expose some of its weakness

　　2. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about geological features on Earth

　　A. the relative elevation of the lowest-lying regions of the crust arises in part from forces generated within the planet

　　B. the difference in elevation between the ocean basins and their surroundings is greater than the difference between Mars’s northern basin and its surroundings

　　C. the formation of low-lying areas proceeds by a different process than the one that created Mars’s northern basin

　　D. the weight of the oceans does not affect the depth of the ocean basins

　　E. the proportions of the crust that is oceanic crust is increasing

　　3. As presented in the passage, McGill’s account of the formation of Mars’s northern basin differs from the other mentioned in that it alone

　　A. explains the formation of certain northern bedrock features

　　B. does not specify the force that caused the northern basin to be lower than its surroundings

　　C. takes the northern basin to be a landform that is not analogous to any found on Earth

　　D. denies that features around the northern basin are the result of tectonic activity

　　E. attributes the creation of the northern lowlands to processes occurring within the planet

　　Passage 105

　　Writing about nineteenth-century women’s travel writing, Lila Harper notes that the four women she discussed used their own names, in contrast with the nineteenth-century female novelists who either published anonymously or used male pseudonyms. The novelists doubtless realized that they were breaking boundaries, whereas three of the four daring, solitary travelers espoused traditional values, eschewing radicalism and women’s movements. Whereas the female novelists criticized their society, the female travelers seemed content to leave society as it was while accomplishing their own liberation. In other words, they lived a contradiction. For the subjects of Harper’s study, solitude in both the private and public spheres prevailed—a solitude that conferred authority, hitherto a male prerogative, but that also precluded any collective action or female solidarity.

　　1. Which of the following best characterizes the “contradiction” that the author refers to?

　　A. The subjects of Harper’s study enjoyed solitude, and yet as travelers they were often among people.

　　B. Nineteenth-century travel writers used their own names, but nineteenth-century novelists used pseudonyms.

　　C. Women’s movements in the nineteenth-century were not very radical in comparison with those of the twentieth-century.

　　D. Nineteenth-century female novelists thought they were breaking boundaries, but it was the nineteenth-century women who traveled alone who were really doing so.

　　E. While traveling alone in the nineteenth-century was considered a radical act for a woman, the nineteenth-century solitary female travelers generally held conventional views.

　　Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

　　2. According to the passage, solitude had which of the following effects for the nineteenth century female travelers?

　　A. It conferred an authority typically enjoyed only by men.

　　B. It prevented formation of alliances with other women.

　　C. It relieved peer pressure to conform to traditional values.

　　Passage 121

　　Benjamin Franklin is portrayed in American history as the quintessential self-made man. In “Self-reliance”, Emerson asks, “Where is the master who could have instructed Franklin...?” In fact, Franklin took instruction widely, and his scientific work was highly collaborative. Friends in England sent equipment needed for his electrical experiments, others, in Philadelphia, helped him set up his workshop there. Philip Syng constructed a device for generating electrical charges, while Tomas Hopkinson demonstrated the potential of pointed conductors. Franklin, in addition to being the group’s theoretician, wrote and published its results. His fame as an individual researcher is partly a consequence of the shorthand by which when one person writes about a group’s discoveries, history sometimes grants singular credit for collective effort.

　　1. Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted sentence?

　　A. It states a viewpoint about Franklin with which the author disagrees.

　　B. It introduces new evidence about Franklin’s role in the collaborative process.

　　C. It explains Franklin’s reputation in terms of a broad scholarly phenomenon.

　　D. It emphasizes the extent to which Franklin relied on others in his workshop.

　　E. It describes Franklin’s approach to writing scientific results.

　　2. Emerson is mentioned in the passage primarily to

　　A. identify the origin of a particular understanding of Franklin

　　B. elaborate on a view of Franklin that the author takes issue with

　　C. point to a controversial claim about Franklin’s historical legacy

　　D. introduce the question of who Franklin’s main scientific influences were

　　E. suggest that Franklin was resistant to collaboration with other scientists

　　Passage 135

　　The revival of mural painting that has occurred in San Francisco since the 1970s, especially among the Chicano population of the city’s Mission District, has marked differences from its social realist forerunner in Mexico and the United States some 40 years earlier. Rather than being government sponsored and limited to murals on government buildings, the contemporary mural movement sprang from the people themselves, with murals appearing on community buildings and throughout college campuses. Perhaps the biggest difference, however, is the process. In earlier twentieth-century Mexico, murals resulted from the vision of individual artists. But today’s murals are characteristically the products of artists working with local residents on design and creation.

　　Such community engagement is characteristic of the Chicano art movement as a whole, which evolved from the same foundations as the Chicano civil rights movement of the mid-1960s. Both were a direct response to the needs of Chicanos in the United States, who were fighting for the right to adequate education, political empowerment, and decent working conditions. Artists joined other cultural workers in making political statements and played a key role in taking these statements to the public. They developed collectives and established cultural centers that functioned as the public-relations arm of the Chicano sociopolitical movement.

　　1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

　　A. argue for the superiority of a style of art

　　B. consider the impact of an art movement

　　C. describe the political content of a certain works of art

　　D. detail the characteristic style of an art movement

　　E. place an art movement in its historical context

　　2. According to the passage, which of the following statements about the “cultural centers” is true?

　　A. They were the venue where many later leaders of the Chicano civil rights movement first became politically active.

　　B. Though later widespread, they originated in San Francisco area.

　　C. Springing up in a number of communities, they initially had largely apolitical goals centered on art instruction.

　　D. They constituted the nucleus from which the Chicano civil rights movement originated.

　　E. Founded by artists, they provided support for the Chicano civil rights movement.

　　3. Which of the following best describes the relationship between the first paragraph and the second paragraph of the passage?

　　A. The first focuses on the mural artists as individuals; the second, on their actions as a group.

　　B. The first compares the mural revival with an earlier artistic movement; the second describes the context contemporary to the revival

　　C. The first defines the revival by distinguishing it from an earlier artistic movement; the second addresses the political goals of both the revival and its forerunner

　　D. The first presents an apparently plausible account of the relationship between the revival and is forerunner, the second calls that account into question

　　E. The first is concerned with the artistic aims and ambitions behind the San Francisco murals; the second considers their political significance

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